Detecting Synoptic Patterns related to Freezing Rain in Montréal using Deep Learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate change is altering the Earth’s atmospheric circulation and the dynamic drivers of extreme events. Extreme weather events pose a great potential risk to infrastructure and human security. In Southern Québec, freezing rain is among the rare, yet high-impact events that remain particularly difficult to detect, describe or even predict. Large climate model ensembles are instrumental for a profound analysis of extreme events, as they can be used to provide a sufficient number of model years. Due to the physical nature and the high spatiotemporal resolution of regional climate models (RCMs), large ensembles can not only be employed to investigate the intensity and frequency of extreme events, but they also allow to analyze the synoptic drivers of freezing rain events and to explore the respective dynamic alterations under climate change conditions. However, several challenges remain for the analysis of large RCM ensembles, mainly the high computational costs and the resulting data volume, which requires novel statistical methods for efficient screening and analysis, such as deep neural networks (DNN). Further, to date, only the Canadian Regional Climate Model version 5 (CRCM5) is simulating freezing rain in-line using a diagnostic method. For the analysis of freezing rain in other RCMs, computational intensive, off-line diagnostic schemes have to be applied to archived data. Another approach for freezing rain analysis focuses on the relation between synoptic drivers at 500 hPa resp. sea level pressure and the occurrence of freezing rain in the study area of Montréal. Here, we explore the capability of training a deep neural network on the detection of the synoptic patterns associated with the occurrence of freezing rain in Montréal. This climate pattern detection task is a visual image classification problem that is addressed with supervised machine learning. Labels for the training set are derived from CRCM5 in-line simulations of freezing rain. This study aims to provide a trained network, which can be applied to large multi-model ensembles over the North American domain of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) in order to efficiently filter the climate datasets for the current and future large-scale drivers of freezing rain. We present the setup of the deep learning approach including the network architecture, the training set statistics and the optimization and regularization methods. Additionally, we present the classification results of the deep neural network in the form of a single-number evaluation metric as well as confusion matrices. Furthermore, we show analysis of our training set regarding false positives and false negatives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".