Morphoanatomical and biochemical changes in <i>Zeyheria tuberculosa</i> exposed to glyphosate drift
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When glyphosate is applied, some of the herbicide can reach adjacent vegetation and impact the natural plant community structure and diversity over the long term. This study evaluated the response of leaves of Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl. (Bignoniaceae) to the herbicide glyphosate. Plants were exposed to aerial applications of the herbicide at concentrations of 0, 360, 720, 1080, or 1440 g acid equivalent (a.e.)·ha −1 . The concentrations of shikimic acid in leaves of the herbicide-treated plants were always higher than the controls. Visual symptoms became apparent four days after the application of 720 g·ha −1 . Glyphosate induced an increase in malondialdehyde in Z. tuberculosa leaves. The lowest levels of chlorophyll a were found for the three last applied doses, and protein content decreased with the glyphosate treatment. Necrosis was observed on the epidermis and in the mesophyll. Glandular trichomes were also plasmolyzed. On the midrib there was plasmolysis of non-lignified cells. Micromorphologically, there were cell plasmolysis and rupture of glandular trichomes. Thus, glyphosate is phytotoxic to Z. tuberculosa by causing biochemical, anatomical, and morphological changes. The morphoanatomical injuries found on Z. tuberculosa were severe, suggesting that the presence of glyphosate can irreversibly affect this species and compromise its survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".