ToF-SIMS imaging reveals that <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoate groups specifically decorate the lignin of fibres in the xylem of poplar and willow
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Esterified phenolics occur as γ -linked lignin acylations in many plant taxa but little is known about the distribution or function of such groups. In the family Salicaceae, p -hydroxybenzoate groups are present in the lignin of poplars ( Populus spp.) and willows ( Salix spp.). In this study, the distribution of cell wall-bound p -hydroxybenzoate was examined in different tissue and cell types of poplar and willow trees. This analysis showed that p -hydroxybenzoate groups were most prevalent in juvenile stems, and were elevated in tension wood and following nitrogen fertilisation. Closer examination of stem cross-sections using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) directly showed that p -hydroxybenzoate groups occur predominantly in the cell walls of fibres and are largely absent from vessel elements. These results point to a role for ester-linked groups in modifying the syringyl-rich lignin of fibres, perhaps to strengthen the cell walls of these structural elements or to increase lignification rates.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it