Differential effects of antiretroviral drug toxicity in male versus female children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected
Bibliographic record
Abstract
: In recent years, widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has been increasingly effective in reducing risk of vertical transmission of HIV, with over 80% of pregnant women living with HIV now accessing ART, and a 41% reduction in new infections in children between 2010 and 2018. Despite these strides, the developmental toxicity of widely administered antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) remains poorly described and existing literature often fails to account for fetal and infant sex as a variable. Recent reports have identified associations between in-utero exposure to commonly used antiretroviral regimens and alteration in neurodevelopment, growth, and metabolism amongst children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected, with findings of sex differences in the prevalence and severity of ARV toxicity. These differences are potentially explained by variable exposure to ARV drugs in utero or exacerbation of existing sex-linked risk factors. Fetal ARV exposure is mediated by placental and fetal drug transporters and metabolic enzymes, which may contribute to the manifestation of sex differences. Existing evidence of sex differences in ARV toxicity in fetal development is concerning, and demands further research to guide optimal treatment options for maternal health and prevention of vertical HIV transmission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".