Photodynamic therapy with nanoparticles to combat microbial infection and resistance
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens are rapidly increasing in incidence and pose an urgent global health concern. New treatments are needed to address this critical situation while preventing further resistance acquired by the pathogens. One promising approach is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), a technique that selectively damages pathogenic cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have been deliberately produced by light-activated chemical reactions via a photosensitiser. There are currently some limitations to its wider deployment, including aggregation, hydrophobicity, and sub-optimal penetration capabilities of the photosensitiser, all of which decrease the production of ROS and lead to reduced therapeutic performance. In combination with nanoparticles, however, these challenges may be overcome. Their small size, functionalisable structure, and large contact surface allow a high degree of internalization by cellular membranes and tissue barriers. In this review, we first summarise the mechanism of PDT action and the interaction between nanoparticles and the cell membrane. We then introduce the categorisation of nanoparticles in PDT, acting as nanocarriers, photosensitising molecules, and transducers, in which we highlight their use against a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. We also compare the antimicrobial efficiency of nanoparticles to unbound photosensitisers and examine the relevant safety considerations. Finally, we discuss the use of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems in clinical applications of antimicrobial PDT.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it