Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility Legislation around the World: Emergent Varieties and National Experiences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is typically assumed as a voluntary initiative rather than a legal mandate.Yet, in recent years, a growing number of countries have adopted laws that explicitly require corporations to undertake CSR.When it comes to CSR legislation, most scholars focus on mandatory disclosure.This article presents emergent varieties of CSR legislation other than mandatory disclosure and investigates the experiences of representative adopting countries.It compares and evaluates the motivation, nature, implementation, function and potential diffusion patterns of the emerging types of CSR legislation.This article shows that while the new legislative methods appear progressive, politics and the open-ended notion of CSR significantly weaken the compulsory nature of the laws.The major function of the CSR laws as they currently stand appears mostly expressive.At best, the explicit recognition of CSR in the laws may send signals about appropriate corporate behavior and reconstruct business norms that exclusively focus on profits.At worst, the laws may be political greenwashing through which politicians give symbolic importance to CSR.This article offers policy lessons and possible directions for future reform.1. See generally
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".