Wissenschaft des Judentums as a Paradigm for New Muslim Approaches to Islam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although Wissenschaft des Judentums was the brainchild of German Jews,it reflected the aims of European Jews in general. As noted by the late ProfessorAmos Funkenstein, “even if we grant that the majority of traditionalJews in France, Austria, and Germany were not aware of the full scopeof the achievements of the Wissenschaft, its results nevertheless faithfullyreflected the desires and self-image of nineteenth-century Jews craving foremancipation, the mood of the “perplexed of the times.”1 The period ofthe Enlightenment did little to change the lot of the Jew: he was still seenby many as a Christ-killer, his identity linked to a particular nation—andhe could, therefore, never be fully accepted as part of any other nationalentity. Although some Jews may have become totally assimilated and evenconverted to Christianity, the general perception was that the Jews wantedto be conditional citizens: while adopting the culture of the environment,they wanted to preserve their special nature as a subculture ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.046 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".