Impact of Institutional Governance Tools on Reducing Agency Costs to Commercial Banks Listed in the Amman Stock Exchange
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to identify the Impact of institutional governance tools on reducing agency costs in the banks listed in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). To this end, the researcher has studied the impact of an institutional governance tools on reducing the agency costs. Which are: board of directors` size, board of directors` independent members ratio, number of audit committee meetings, ratio of debt-financing, market share and bank`s size.The agency costs are measured by three indicators: assets turnover ratio, operating expenses ratio and free cash flow indicator. Study sample comprises all 16 banks listed in the ASE, for which data are available in the ASE during period of the study (2017 – 2019). EXCEL and SPSS are used to identify descriptive characteristics of study and analyze data. Regression analysis method is also used to test the study hypotheses. The study results have concluded that agency costs increase with the increase in the board of directors size, the independent members ratio, number of meetings of audit committees, debt finance ratio and market share ratio. The study has also concluded, as per the operating expenses indicator, that agency costs increase with the increase of debt financing, while they decrease with the increase in the board of directors size. According to the free cash flow indicator, the study results have showed that the agency costs increase with increase in the board of directors size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Other design | low |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".