Nucleolin is expressed in human fetal brain development and reactivated in human glial brain tumors regulating angiogenesis and vascular metabolism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Glioblastoma (GBM) is amongst the deadliest human cancers and is characterized by high levels of vascularisation. Angiogenesis is highly dynamic during brain development and almost quiescent in the adult brain, but is reactivated in vascular-dependent CNS pathologies such as brain tumors. Nucleolin (NCL) is a known regulator of cell proliferation and angiogenesis, but its roles on physiological and pathological brain vasculature remain unknown. Here, we studied the expression of Nucleolin in the neurovascular unit (NVU) in human fetal brains and human gliomas in vivo as well as its effects on sprouting angiogenesis and endothelial metabolism in vitro . Nucleolin is highly expressed in endothelial- and perivascular cells during brain development, downregulated in the adult brain, and upregulated in glioma. Moreover, Nucleolin expression in tumor- and blood vessel cells correlated with glioma malignancy in vivo . In culture, siRNA-mediated NCL knockdown reduced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) sprouting angiogenesis, proliferation and filopodia extension, and reduced glucose metabolism. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing of Nucleolin knockdown in HUVECs revealed a putative p53-TIGAR-HK2 regulation of endothelial glycolysis. These findings identify Nucleolin as a neurodevelopmental factor reactivated in glioma that positively regulates sprouting angiogenesis and endothelial metabolism. Our findings have important implications in therapeutic targeting of glioma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".