The 2019 Therapeutic Recreation Education Survey: A 50-Year Comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Stein (1970) conducted a therapeutic recreation (TR) education survey. Ten years later, Anderson and Stewart (1980) conducted a follow-up study that began the longitudinal studies in therapeutic recreation/ recreational therapy (TR/RT) education in the U.S. and Canada for the next four decades, and the results of each survey were published in the Therapeutic Recreation Journal (Anderson et al., 2000; Autry et al., 2010; Stewart & Anderson, 1990). The decennial TR/RT education surveys have included the same items and used the same core instrument since its first implementation in 1969 (Stein, 1970). Although survey content has expanded to include additional questions, this consistency of content was designed to allow the researchers to compare results across each decade and to identify and discuss trends and issues in TR/RT education. The overall findings and discussion were divided among TR/RT curricula, faculty and students and were compared to these same categories over the past 50 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".