Esterification of levulinic acid into n-butyl levulinate catalyzed by sulfonic acid-functionalized lignin-montmorillonite complex
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, sulfonic acid-functionalized lignin-montmorillonite complex (LMT-SO3H) was prepared and employed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification of levulinic acid (LA) into n-butyl levulinate (BL). An intermediate pseudo-butyl levulinate (p-BL) was determined by distilled water treatment and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and a possible mechanism for the esterification of LA is proposed. The effects of various process parameters were studied and the results showed that the LMT-SO3H catalyst had the excellent catalytic performance for esterification of the LA. Under optimum reaction conditions, the yield of BL was 99.3% and the conversion of LA was 99.8%. The LMT-SO3H catalyst exhibited strong acidic sites and high stability even after seven cycles of usage. Furthermore, esterification of the LA with various alcohols over the LMT-SO3H was further investigated
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it