Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer to Supercritical Water Flowing Upward in a 4-M Long Bare Vertical Circular Tube
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Thermal efficiency and safety of Generation-IV nuclear-power-reactor concept - Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) depend on solid knowledge of specifics of SCW thermophysical properties and heat transfer within these conditions. As a preliminary, but conservative approach to uncover these specifics is analysis of experimental data obtained in bare tubes including numerical investigation. This paper presents the numerical investigation, based on computational fluid dynamics, of the heat-transfer characteristics of SCW flow in a 4-m long circular tube (ID = 10 mm). The flow and heat-transfer mechanism of SCW in the vertical tube under the influence of buoyancy and flow acceleration are analyzed. Results of numerical simulation predict the experimental data with reasonable accuracy. The results indicated that in the region of q/G > 0.4 kJ/kg, the wall temperature distribution tends to be non-linear, and heat transfer may deteriorate. When Tb < Tpc < Tw, internal wall temperature shows peaks, which corresponds to heat-transfer deterioration. Meanwhile the position, where the deterioration occurs is continuously moved forward to the inlet as the heat flux increases. Velocity changes near the wall show an M shape according to mass conservation for the density change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".