Did reduction in corporate tax rate attract <scp>FDI</scp> in Pakistan?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a very important factor for economic growth because of its associated benefits such as advanced technology, employment, and economic development for the developing host countries. The factors of lower corporate tax rate, social peace, consistent energy supply, better infrastructure, skilled labor, political stability and business openness are very important for foreign investors. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of corporate tax reduction, terrorism, energy shortfall, availability of labor, infrastructure and degree of business openness on the FDI in Pakistan. Further, it compares democratic and autocratic regimes to evaluate their impact on attracting FDI in Pakistan. A vector error correction (VEC) model is used on the secondary data of the period 1989–2016. The results of the study show that corporate tax rate, terrorism, and energy shortfall have significant negative impact on FDI. The study results also confirm that autocratic period was more favorable to attract FDI providing openness to the economy when compared to democratic period. The findings of this study could be used by policy makers for future FDI policy of Pakistan.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".