Closed-Loop Traveling-Wave Relay Testing (TWRT) using RTDS Real-Time Simulators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology to perform closed-loop Traveling Wave Relay Testing (TWRT) for transmission lines in power systems using RTDS real-time simulator. The Traveling-Wave Relays (TWRs) have a high sampling rate, e.g., around 1MHz, therefore, one requirement for TWRT is that the simulator operates at a small time-step, i.e., in the order of one microsecond. The TW-based protection elements operate based on current and voltage TW signals that are derived from the High-Frequency (HF) response induced by faults on the transmission line. This paper shows that employing inaccurate line models in a simulator can result in incorrect TW signals. Therefore, another requirement for TWRT is to use accurate line models. Fulfilling these requirements requires high computational power and introduces challenges to real-time simulators for the TWRT application. This paper presents two real-time simulator approaches for TWRT: (i) an FPGA-based and (ii) a multi-core CPU-based approach. The proposed approaches are employed to test commercially available TWRs and the results are reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".