Electromigration simulation and design considerations for integrated circuit power grids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to continued technology scaling, electromigration has become a serious reliability concern in modern integrated circuits. This is further aggravated by the pervasive use of inaccurate models for electromigration based on traditional empirical black-box models. We will review the modern approach to electromigration verification, with emphasis on recent physical models, then summarize our work on a finite-difference based approach for power grid electromigration checking using these models. The method simulates the electromigration damage across the power grid, much like simulating for voltage or current. The lifetimes found using this physics-based approach are on average about twice or more than those based on the traditional empirical approaches. Because this approach is computationally efficient, one is able to handle large grids with millions of branches. We then present detailed analysis of the steady-state stress and its relation to voltages and currents in the grid, along with a number of design considerations that follow from this analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".