Cognitive subgroups in first episode bipolar I disorder: Relation to clinical and brain volumetric variables
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Distinct cognitive subgroups are seen in patients with long duration bipolar I disorder (BDI), possibly reflective of underlying pathophysiological differences. It is unknown whether such cognitive heterogeneity is present at illness onset. We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to cognitive test scores in first episode BDI patients. Exploratory analysis elucidated whether impaired subgroups were characterized by 'early neurodevelopmental' (low premorbid IQ and intracranial volume) versus 'later neurodevelopmental' (decline from premorbid to current IQ, changes in relative grey (GM)/white (WM) matter volumes) pathology. METHODS: Recently recovered first manic episode BDI patients (n = 91) and healthy controls (HC, n = 63) comprised the study sample. LCA identified subgroups based on processing speed, verbal memory, non-verbal memory, executive functioning, attention and working memory scores. Subgroups were compared amongst each other and HC on premorbid/current IQ, intracranial (ICV), total brain and regional volumes. RESULTS: Three cognitive subgroups emerged: (i) globally impaired (GI, n = 31), scoring 0.5-1 SD below demographically corrected norms across domains, (ii) selectively impaired (SI, n = 47), with predominant processing speed deficits and (iii) high performing (HP, n = 13), with above-average cognitive performance. GI patients showed a 'later neurodevelopmental' pattern, with normal ICV, significant decline from premorbid to current IQ, higher total GM and lower total WM (with respect to total brain volume) versus SI and HC (p = 0.003). GI patients had higher left frontal pole GM versus HC (p < 0.05, FWE corrected). CONCLUSIONS: A globally impaired patient subgroup is identifiable in first episode BDI, possibly characterized by unique neurodevelopmental pathologic processes proximal to illness onset.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".