Inhibition of angiotensin II–induced hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction by North American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We determined whether North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) mitigates the effect of angiotensin II on hypertrophy and heart failure. Angiotensin II (0.3 mg/kg) was administered to rats for 2 or 4 weeks in the presence or absence of ginseng pretreatment. The effect of ginseng (10 μg/mL) on angiotensin II (100 nM) – induced hypertrophy was also determined in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. We also determined effects of ginseng on fatty acid and glucose oxidation by measuring gene and protein expression levels of key factors. Angiotensin II treatment for 2 and 4 weeks induced cardiac hypertrophy as evidenced by increased heart weights, as well as the upregulation of the hypertrophy-related fetal gene expression levels, with all effects being abolished by ginseng. Ginseng also reduced abnormalities in left ventricular function as well as the angiotensin II–induced increased blood pressure. In myocytes, ginseng abolished the hypertrophic response to angiotensin II as assessed by surface area and gene expression of molecular markers of hypertrophy. Ginseng modulated angiotensin II–induced abnormalities in gene expression and protein levels of CD36, CPT1M, Glut4, and PDK4 in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, ginseng suppresses angiotensin II–induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction which is related to normalization of fatty acid and glucose oxidation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".