Upper-bound analysis of laterally loaded rigid monopiles in clay with linearly increasing strength
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monopiles supporting offshore wind farms are often subject to severe lateral environmental loads due to wind, waves, and currents. Previous studies have reported various failure patterns for such rigid monopiles in clay; hence predicting lateral pile capacity of widely different magnitudes. In this study, both a single-sided wedge failure mechanism involving passive soil failure only and a two-sided wedge failure mechanism with simultaneous active and passive soil failures are proposed. The single wedge mechanism is found to be applicable if the soil behind the pile does not move together with the pile, resulting in a gap between the soil and the pile upon loading. In contrast, the two-sided wedge is found appropriate for the soil behind the pile that moves together with the pile upon loading. Two formulations are then derived from the two upper-bound failure mechanisms. The lateral pile capacity can be determined and the corresponding failure mechanism identified based on the formulation that yields the lower capacity magnitude. In addition, the reliability of the formulations is verified against reported finite element methods as well as existing experimental and field test results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".