Interactions of CO<sub>2</sub> with Hydrocarbon Liquid Observed from Adsorption of CO<sub>2</sub> in Organic-Rich Shale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whereas the importance of shale oil and gas production to the energy supply is increasing, the recovery of shale oil and gas is low and the environmental performance needs improvement. Injection of CO 2 captured from industrial emitters into shale reservoirs could enhance the oil and gas recovery and retain CO 2 through adsorption in shale to offset greenhouse gas emissions. In this work, we present a study on adsorption of CO 2 in an organic-rich shale. Unusual adsorption behaviors have been observed: The rate of adsorption increased with increasing pressure without showing a trend of saturation. Moreover, mass loss occurred at an elevated pressure. The adsorption behaviors have been elucidated by extraction of hydrocarbons from shale by CO 2, from which the interactions of CO 2 with hydrocarbons are elucidated and new insights are obtained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".