Women’s Water Access Is Associated With Measures of Empowerment and Social Support: A Cross-sectional Study in Sub-Saharan Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water access is an important global issue that impacts health and wellbeing and has been recognized by the United Nations as a significant area for improvement. Despite some global improvements from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets, regions with the most compromised water access are still experiencing significant deficits. Among those regions, Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Countries are the most affected. Socio-ecological factors intersect to further contribute to this compromise in water resources, and community structures and social supports need to be considered. Women’s empowerment and social support have been shown to have an impact on community health and wellbeing, but the association with water access is not well researched. This cross-sectional study considers these relationships and aims to identify water access for women living within SSA and assess its relationship with measures of women’s empowerment and social support. Using data from the Gallup World Poll, our study highlights an association between these factors, suggesting a role for community and female capacity-building to empower women and foster relationships within SSA communities to further work toward improvements in water resources. Keywords: Water access, water security, empowerment, social support, SubSaharan Africa, capacity building
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".