On the Three‐Dimensional Scattering of Waves by Flexible Marginal Ice Floes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We reformulate a three‐dimensional theory for wave‐ice interactions for flexible ice floes and present a comparison of this new formulation with selected recent parameterizations for the scattering of ocean surface waves due to individual ice floes. The formulation is based on single flow scattering and a transport equation for energy, which fits with the paradigm used in wave prediction code. These parameterizations are implemented as source terms in the action balance equation for a modern version of the phase‐averaging wave model WAVEWATCH III® (denoted WW3). In this comparison, a simple experiment is performed with regularly distributed ice floes in a marginal ice zone. With the new wave‐ice formulation, results show that attenuation in the direction of propagation is less intense than for the other considered formulations, scattering is more isotropic, and the wave energy is attenuated in the region of the original spectral peak. Thus, a new spectral peak is developed, which is shifted to higher frequencies. The wave scattering and subsequent attenuation are related to the floe response amplitude and the dimensions of the ice floes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".