Seismic Facies Classification using Generative Topographic Mapping – A Case Study from Offshore Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary One of the major objectives of seismic interpretation is to effectively predict the distribution of reservoir facies away from well control. With the advent of increasing number of meaningful seismic attributes, it is time consuming and laborious to analyze them through conventional analytical methods. Machine learning techniques analyze higher dimensional data points faster and effectively. Automated seismic facies classification techniques are increasingly becoming important in identifying the potential hydrocarbon bearing zone and favorable facies. Such facies classification techniques, or, automated clustering algorithms, help arrange similar seismic traces based on the waveform shape, amplitude, phase, frequency, and other relevant seismic attributes. The main objective of automated facies classification using machine learning techniques is to perform facies classification fast and efficiently using several relevant seismic attributes for mapping the facies distribution and effective identification of the sweet spots. The automated clustering algorithms fall into two categories – supervised and unsupervised algorithms. Unsupervised machine learning algorithms are purely data driven and help in recognizing and classifying the patterns from a dataset without any a priori information. A posteriori information such as well data, is integrated into the results for recognizing the facies classification and calibrating the interpretation. Unsupervised learning methods also help to highlight subtle stratigraphic features that might otherwise be unnoticed using conventional analytical methods. In this study, we adopted a recent unsupervised classification technique called, generative topographic mapping (GTM). We applied this technique to a dataset from Offshore Nova Scotia, to extract the natural clusters from the seismic data for facies classification. Using the GTM technique applied to seismic data, we were able to map the distribution of different facies and potential sweet spots in the study area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".