Fluid Dynamics Scaling of a Gas–Liquid Distributor Applied to a Commercial Ebullated Bed Hydroprocessor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new scaling approach for a gas–liquid distributor is proposed and experimentally validated on a commercial bubble cap geometry. The geometric similarity was achieved by matching distributor fractional opening and ratios of various critical dimensions. The dynamic similarity was attained by matching three dimensionless groups (gas–liquid density ratio, liquid Reynolds number, and gas Froude number) and bubble coalescence behavior. Two geometrically similar distributors with one and three smaller bubble caps were experimentally compared through resulting bubble size distributions to test the scaling laws. A reasonably good agreement was found at various pressures, suggesting that the scaling approach could also work at industrially relevant conditions. New models for bubble size distribution and drag coefficient were developed to explicitly account for the effect of the gas–liquid distributor and thus improve the fluid dynamics modeling of commercial ebullated bed hydroprocessors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".