Mechanical and Durability Characteristics of Rainwater Penetration and Retention Pavement Concrete Blocks Incorporating Bottom Ash Aggregates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical properties and durability of rainwater penetration and retention pavement concrete blocks incorporating bottom ash fine aggregate were investigated to develop pavement concrete blocks that could reduce the rainwater leakage of impervious concrete structures. Pavement concrete blocks were prepared by replacing 0%, 10%, and 20% of the weight of natural fine aggregate with bottom ash fine aggregate for 410 and 450 kg/m3 cement contents. Experimental tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, slip resistance, freeze–thaw resistance, and permeability coefficient of the pavement concrete blocks. Pavement concrete blocks produced with a cement content of 450 kg/m3 and a 10% replacement ratio of bottom ash fine aggregate satisfied the target performance and exhibited the best overall performance. Theseoptimal mix parameters were applied in this study to design and manufacture pavement concrete blocks for rainwater penetration and retention that satisfied the target performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".