High Expression of Pd-1 in Circulating Cells of Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among all cancer types, colorectal cancer is the third most common in men and the second most common in women globally. Generally, the risk of colorectal cancer increases with age, and colorectal cancer is modulated by various genetic alterations. Alterations in the immune response serve a significant role in the development of colorectal cancer. In primary cancer types, immune cells express a variety of inhibitory molecules that dampen the immune response against tumor cells. Additionally, few reports have demonstrated that classical chemotherapy promotes the immunosuppressive microenvironment in both tissues and immune cells. This study assessed the expression levels of genes using RT-qPCR associated with the immune system, including interferon-γ, programmed death-1, β2-microglobulin, human leukocyte antigen-A, CD3e, CD28 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1, in patients with colorectal cancer, as these genes are known to serve important roles in immune regulation during cancer incidence. Gene expression analysis was performed with the whole blood cells of patients with colorectal cancer and healthy volunteers. Compared with the normal controls, programmed death-1was highly expressed in patients with advanced-stage colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the expression of programmed death-1 was higher in patients receiving adjuvant therapy, which suggests the therapy dampened the immune response against tumor cells. The results of the present study indicate that classical adjuvant therapies, which are currently used for patients with colorectal cancer, should be modulated, and a combination of classical therapy with anti-programmed death-1 antibody should be conducted for improved management of patients with colorectal cancer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".