Building State Infrastructure Privately: The Emergence and Diffusion of Public Private Partnerships in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States of America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study introduces a new explanation of the creation and expansion of public-private partnerships (PPP’s) in developed countries, using Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom as case studies. While classical accounts of the rise of PPP’s have highlighted the fiscal constraints of states, superior efficiency of PPPs, particular political parties and the long history of governments’ cooperation with the private sector, none of those accounts can explain the emergence of PPPs at a specific time in history and the cross-jurisdictional variation in the timing of the diffusion. Using a policy diffusion perspective, the thesis examines the historical evolution of project finance in the private sector starting in the 1930s in Texas’s oil prospecting venture industry. Taking into account this evolution and the associated evolution of supporting institutions over time helps explain better the specific timing of the birth of PPP’s in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".