Numerical model of the glacially-induced intraplate earthquakes and faults formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to the plate tectonics, main earthquakes are caused by moving lithospheric plates and are located\nmainly at plate boundaries. However, some of significant seismic events may be located far away from these active\nareas. The nature of the intraplate earthquakes remains unclear. It is assumed, that the triggering of seismicity in\nthe eastern Canada and northern Europe might be a result of the glacier retreat during a glacial-interglacial cycle\n(GIC). Previous numerical models show that the impact of the glacial loading and following isostatic adjustment\nis able to trigger seismicity in pre-existing faults, especially during deglaciation stage. However this models\ndo not explain strong glaciation-induced historical earthquakes (M5-M7). Moreover, numerous studies report\nconnection of the location and age of major faults in the regions undergone by glaciation during last glacial maximum\nwith the glacier dynamics. This probably imply that the GIC might be a reason for the fault system formation.\nOur numerical model provides analysis of the strain-stress evolution during the GIC using the finite volume\napproach realised in the numerical code Lapex 2.5D which is able to operate with large strains and\nvisco-elasto-plastic rheology. To simulate self-organizing faults, the damage rheology model is implemented\nwithin the code that makes possible not only visualize faulting but also estimate energy release during the seismic\ncycle. The modeling domain includes two-layered crust, lithospheric mantle and the asthenosphere that makes\npossible simulating elasto-plastic response of the lithosphere to the glaciation-induced loading (unloading) and\nviscous isostatic adjustment.\nWe have considered three scenarios for the model: horizontal extension, compression and fixed boundary\nconditions. Modeling results generally confirm suppressing seismic activity during glaciation phases whereas\nretreat of a glacier triggers earthquakes for several thousand years. Tip of the glacier localizes strain and may\nprovoke a fault formation under certain state (extension or compression). The most preferable condition for the\ndeep fault formation is an oscillation of the glacier’s edge at a narrow zone during relatively long time, which\ndepends on the rate of horizontal extension (compression) of the lithosphere. The most powerful and deep (up to\n30 km) earthquakes are possible under horizontal compression whereas models with the fixed boundary condition\nproduce only weak and shallow seismic events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".