← Back to cohort
A guide to LIGO–Virgo detector noise and extraction of transient gravitational-wave signals
B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T D Abbott, Sabu Abraham, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, Tina Alford, B. Allen, A. Allocca, M. Á. Aloy, P. A. Altin, A. Amato, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S. V. Angelova, S. Antier, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, S. Ascenzi, G. Ashton, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, F. Aubin, P. Aufmuth, K. AultONeal, C Austin, V. Avendano, A. Avila-Alvarez, S. Babak, P. Bacon, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bae, P. T. Baker, F. Baldaccini, G. Ballardin, S. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, J. C. Barayoga, S. E. Barclay, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, Kevin Barkett, S. Barnum, F. Barone, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, D. Barta, J. Bartlett, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, M. Bawaj, J. C. Bayley, M. Bazzan, B. Bécsy, M. Bejger, I. Belahcene, A. S. Bell, D. Beniwal, B. K. Berger, G. Bergmann, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, J. J. Bero, C. P. L. Berry, D. Bersanetti, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, R. Bhandare, J. Bidler, I. A. Bilenko, S. A. Bilgili, G. Billingsley, J. Birch, R. Birney, O. Birnholtz, Sébastien Biscans, S. Biscoveanu, A. Bisht, M. Bitossi, M. A. Bizouard, J. K. Blackburn, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, R M Blair, S. Bloemen, N. Bode, M. Boër, Y. Boetzel, G Bogaert, F. Bondu, E. Bonilla, R. Bonnand, P. Booker, B. A. Boom, C. D. Booth, R. Bork, V. Boschi, S. Bose, K. Bossie, V. Bossilkov, J. Bosveld, Y. Bouffanais, A. Bozzi, C. Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, A. Bramley, M. Branchesi, J. Brau, T. Briant, J. H. Briggs, Fabrizio Brighenti, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, V. Brisson, P. Brockill, A. F. Brooks, D. Brown, S Brunett, A. Buikema, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, R. L. Byer, M. Cabero, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, G. C. Hill, T. A. Callister, E. Calloni, J. B. Camp, William A. Campbell, M. Canepa, K. C. Cannon, H. Cao, J. Cao, E. Capocasa, F. Carbognani, S Caride, Maureen F. Carney, G. Carullo, C. Casentini, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, F Cavalier, R. Cavalieri, G. Cella, P. Cerdá–Durán, G. Cerretani, E. Cesarini, O. Chaibi, K. Chakravarti, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Chan, S. Chao, P. Charlton, E. A. Chase, E. Chassande‐Mottin, Deep Chatterjee, M. Chaturvedi, K. Chatziioannou, B. D. Cheeseboro, H Y Chen, Chen Xu, Y Chen, H-P Cheng, C. K. Cheong, H. Y. Chia, A. Chincarini, A. Chiummo, George Cho, H. S. Cho, M Cho, N. Christensen, Q. Chu, S. Chua, K. W. Chung, S. Chung, G. Ciani, A. A. Ciobanu, R. Ciolfi, F. Cipriano, A. Cirone, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, P. Clearwater, F. Cleva, C. Cocchieri, E Coccia, P-F Cohadon, D. Cohen, R. Colgan, M. Colleoni, Christophe Collette, C. Collins, L. R. Cominsky, M. Constancio, L. Conti, S. J. Cooper, P. Corban, T. R. Corbitt, I. Cordero-Carrión, K. R. Corley, Neil J. Cornish, A. Corsi, S. Cortese, C. A. Costa, R. Cotesta, M. W. Coughlin, S. B. Coughlin, J.‐P. Coulon, S. T. Countryman, P Couvares, P. B. Covas, E. E. Cowan, D. M. Coward, M. J. Cowart, D C Coyne, R. Coyne, J. Cripe, M. Croquette, S. G. Crowder, T J Cullen, A. Cumming, Liam Cunningham, E. Cuoco, G. Dálya, S. L. Danilishin, S. D’Antonio, K. Danzmann, Arnab Dasgupta, C. F. Da Silva Costa, L. E. H. Datrier, V. Dattilo, I. Dave, M. Davier, D. Davis, E. J. Daw, D. DeBra, M. Deenadayalan, J. Degallaix, M. De Laurentis, S. Deléglise, W. Del Pozzo, L. M. DeMarchi, N. Demos, T. Dent, R. De Pietri, J. Derby, R. De Rosa, C. De Rossi, R. DeSalvo, S. Dhurandhar, M. C. Díaz, Tim Dietrich, L. Di Fiore, M. Di Giovanni, T. Di Girolamo, A. Di Lieto, B. Ding, S. Di Pace, I. Di Palma, F. Di Renzo, A. Dmitriev, Z Doctor, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, S. Doravari, I. Dorrington, T. P. Downes, M. Drago, J. C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, J.-G. Ducoin, P. Dupej, S E Dwyer, P. J. Easter, T. B. Edo, M. C. Edwards, A. Effler, P. Ehrens, J. Eichholz, S. S. Eikenberry, M. Eisenmann, R A Eisenstein, R C Essick, H. Estellés, D. Estevez, Z. B. Etienne, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. M. Evans, V. Fafone, H. Fair, S. Fairhurst, X. Fan, S. Farinon, B. Farr, Will M. Farr, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Favata, M. Fays, Mariana Fazio, C Fee, J. Feicht, M. M. Fejer, Fabo Feng, A. Fernandez-Galiana, I. Ferrante, E. C. Ferreira, T. A. Ferreira, F. Ferrini, F. Fidecaro, I. Fiori, D. Fiorucci, M. Fishbach, R. P. Fisher, J. M. Fishner, M. Fitz-Axen, R. Flaminio, M. Fletcher, E. Flynn, José A. Font, P. W. F. Forsyth, J-D Fournier, S. Frasca, F. Frasconi, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, H. A. Gabbard, B. U. Gadre, S M Gaebel, J. R. Gair, L. Gammaitoni, M. R. Ganija, S. G. Gaonkar, Antonio García, C. García-Quirós, F. Garufi, B Gateley, S. Gaudio, G. Gaur, V. Gayathri, G. Gemme, E. Genin, A. Gennai, D. George, G. Gemme, L. Gergely, V. Germain, S. Ghonge, Abhirup Ghosh, Archisman Ghosh, S. Ghosh, Bruno Giacomazzo, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, A. Giazotto, Kiranjyot Gill, G. Giordano, Louise Glover, P. Godwin, E. Goetz, B. Goncharov, G. González, A. Gopakumar, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. E. Gossan, M. Gosselin, R. Gouaty, A. Grado, C. Graef, M. Granata, A. Grant, S. Gras, P Grassia, C. Gray, R. Gray, G. Greco, A C Green, R Green, E. M. Gretarsson, P. Groot, H. Grote, S. Grünewald, P. Grüning, G. M. Guidi, H. K. Gulati, Y. Guo, Anuradha Gupta, Manoj Gupta, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, L. Haegel, O. Halim, E. Z. Hamilton, G. Hammond, M. Haney, M. M. Hanke, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, M. D. Hannam, O. A. Hannuksela, J. Hanson, T. Hardwick, K. Haris, J. Harms, C-J Haster, K. Haughian, F. J. Hayes, James Healy, A. Heidmann, M. C. Heintze, H. Heitmann, P. Hello, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, J. Hennig, Alastair Heptonstall, F. Hernandez Vivanco, M. Heurs, S. Hild, Tanja Hinderer, D. Hoak, S. Hochheim, D. Hofman, A. M. Holgado, N. A. Holland, K. Holt, D. E. Holz, P Hopkins, Carolyn Horst, J. Hough, E. J. Howell, C. G. Hoy, A. Hreibi, E. A. Huerta, D. Huet, B. Hughey, M. Hulko, S. Husa, S. H. Huttner, T. Huynh–Dinh, B. Idźkowski, A. Iess, C. Ingram, R. Inta, G. Intini, B. Irwin, H. N. Isa, J.-M. Isac, M. Isi, B. R. Iyer, K. Izumi, T. Jacqmin, S. J. Jadhav, K Jani, N. N. Janthalur, P. Jaranowski, A. C. Jenkins, Junlin Jiang, D. S. Johnson, A. W. Jones, D. I. Jones, Lynne Jones, R. J. G. Jonker, L. Ju, J. Junker, C. V. Kalaghatgi, H. B. Kabagöz, Brittany Kamai, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J B Kanner, S. J. Kapadia, S. Karki, K. S. Karvinen, Rahul Kashyap, M. Kasprzack, S. Katsanevas, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, S. Kaufer, K. Kawabe, N. V. Keerthana, F. Kéfélian, D. Keitel, R. Kennedy, J. S. Key, F. Y. Khalili, Hasan Khan, I. Khan, S. Khan, Z. Khan, Е. А. Хазанов, M. Khursheed, N. Kijbunchoo, A X Kim, Chunglee Kim, J C Kim, K Kim, W. S. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, C. Kimball, E. J. King, Peter King, M. Kinley-Hanlon, R. Kirchhoff, J. S. Kissel, L. Kleybolte, J. H. Klika, S. Klimenko, T D Knowles, Patrick M. Koch, S. M. Koehlenbeck, G. Koekoek, S. Koley, V. Kondrashov, A Kontos, N Koper, M. Korobko, W Z Korth, I. Kowalska, D B Kozak, V. Kringel, N. V. Krishnendu, A. Królak, A. Kumar, P. Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, S. Kumar, L. Kuo, A Kutynia, S. Kwang, B. D. Lackey, K. H. Lai, T. L. Lam, M Landry, B. B. Lane, R. N. Lang, J. Lange, B. Lantz, R. K. Lanza, Shane L. Larson, A. Lartaux-Vollard, P. D. Lasky, M. Laxen, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, P. Leaci, S Leavey, Y. K. Lecoeuche, Chang‐Hwan Lee, H. K. Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, H. W. Lee, J. Lee, K. Lee, J. Lehmann, A. Lenon, N. Leroy, N Letendre, Y. Levin, Jin Li, K. J. L. Li, T G F Li, X. Li, F. Lin, F. Linde, S. D. Linker, T. B. Littenberg, J. Liu, X Liu, R. K. L. Lo, N. A. Lockerbie, L. T. London, A. Longo, M. Lorenzini, Vincent Loriette, M Lormand, G. Losurdo, J. D. Lough, C. O. Loustó, Geoffrey Lovelace, M. E. Lower, D. Lumaca, A. P. Lundgren, Ryan S. Lynch, Y. Ma, R. Macas, S Macfoy, M. MacInnis, D. M. Macleod, A. Macquet, F. Magaña‐Sandoval, R. M. Magee, E. Majorana, I. Maksimovic, A. Malik, N. Man, V. Mandic, V. Mangano, G L Mansell, M. Manske, M. Mantovani, F Marchesoni, F Marion, S. Márka, Z. Márka, C. Markakis, A.S. Markosyan, A. Markowitz, E. Maros, Antonio Marquina, S. Marsat, F Martelli, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, Д. В. Мартынов, K. Mason, E. Massera, A. Masserot, T. J. Massinger, M. Masso‐Reid, S. Mastrogiovanni, A. Matas, F. Matichard, L. Matone, N. Mavalvala, N. Mazumder, J. J. McCann, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, Sheila McCormick, L Mcculler, S. C. McGuire, J. McIver, D. J. McManus, T. McRae, S. T. McWilliams, D. Meacher, G. D. Meadors, M. Mehmet, A. K. Mehta, J. Meidam, A. Melatos, G Mendell, R. A. Mercer, L. Mereni, E L Merilh, M. Merzougui, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, C Messick, R. Metzdorff, P M Meyers, H. Miao, Chantal Michel, H. Middleton, Е. Е. Михайлов, L. Milano, A. L. Miller, M. Millhouse, J. C. Mills, M. C. Milovich-Goff, O. Minazzoli, Y Minenkov, A Mishkin, C. Mishra, T. Mistry, S Mitra, V P Mitrofanov, G. Mitselmakher, R Mittleman, Geoffrey Mo, D. Moffa, K. Mogushi, M. Mondin, M. Montani, C. J. Moore, D Moraru, G Moreno, S. Morisaki, B Mours, C. M. Mow–Lowry, D. Mukherjee, Suvodip Mukherjee, N. Mukund, A. Mullavey, J. Münch, E. A. Muñiz, M. F. Muratore, P. G. Murray, A. Nagar, I Nardecchia, L. Naticchioni, R. K. Nayak, J. Neilson, G. Nelemans, T. J. N. Nelson, M. Nery, A. Neunzert, K. Y. Ng, S. Ng, P. Nguyen, David A. Nichols, S. Nissanke, F Nocera, C. North, L. K. Nuttall, M. Obergaulinger, J Oberling, P. T. O’Brien, G. D. O’Dea, G. H. Ogin, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh, F. Ohme, H. Ohta, M A Okada, M Oliver, P. Oppermann, Richard J. Oram, B. O’Reilly, R. G. Ormiston, L. F. Ortega, R. O’Shaughnessy, Serguei Ossokine, D. J. Ottaway, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, A. E. Pace, G Pagano, M. A. Page, Archana Pai, S. A. Pai, J. R. Palamos, Oleg Palashov, C. Palomba, A. Pal‐Singh, Huang-Wei Pan, P. T. H. Pang, C. Pankow, F. Pannarale, B. C. Pant, F. Paoletti, Antonio Paoli, Ajay Parida, W. Parker, D Pascucci, A. Pasqualetti, R. Passaquieti, D Passuello, M. Patil, B. Patricelli, B. L. Pearlstone, C. Pedersen, M. Pedraza, R Pedurand, A. Pele, S. Penn, C J Perez, A. Perreca, Harald Pfeiffer, M Phelps, K. S. Phukon, O. J. Piccinni, M Pichot, F. Piergiovanni, G. Pillant, L. Pinard, M. Pirello, M. Pitkin, R. Poggiani, D. Y. T. Pong, S. Ponrathnam, P. Popolizio, E. K. Porter, J. Powell, A. K. Prajapati, J. Prasad, Kiran Prasai, G. Pratten, T. Prestegard, S. Privitera, G. A. Prodi, L. Prokhorov, O Puncken, M. Punturo, P Puppo, M Pürrer, H. Qi, V. Quetschke, P. J. Quinonez, E. A. Quintero, R. Quitzow-James, F. J. Raab, H Radkins, N. Rădulescu, P. Raffai, S. Raja, C. Rajan, M. Rakhmanov, K. E. Ramirez, A. Ramos-Buades, J. Rana, S. R. Koteswara Rao, P. Rapagnani, V. Raymond, M. Razzano, J. Read, T. Regimbau, L. Rei, S Reid, D. H. Reitze, F. Ricci, C. J. Richardson, J. W. Richardson, P. M. Ricker, K. Riles, Maria L. Rizzo, N. A. Robertson, R. Robie, F. Robinet, A. Rocchi, L. Rolland, J. G. Rollins, V J Roma, M. Romanelli, R. Romano, C. L. Romel, K. Rose, D. Rosińska, Shawn Rosofsky, M. P. Ross, Sheila Rowan, A. Rüdiger, P. Ruggi, G. Rutins, K. Ryan, S Sachdev, T. Sadecki, Mairi Sakellariadou, L Salconi, M. Saleem, A Samajdar, L. Sammut, E. J. Sanchez, L. E. Sanchez, N. Sanchis-Gual, V. Sandberg, J. R. Sanders, K. A. Santiago, Nikhil Sarin, B Sassolas, B. S. Sathyaprakash, P. R. Saulson, O Sauter, R. L. Savage, P. Schale, Jacob Scheuer, P. Schmidt, Roman Schnabel, R. M. S. Schofield, A. Schönbeck, E. Schreiber, B. W. Schulte, B. F. Schutz, S. G. Schwalbe, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, E. Seidel, James A. Sellers, A S Sengupta, N. Sennett, D. Sentenac, V Sequino, A. Sergeev, Y. Setyawati, D. A. Shaddock, T. Shaffer, M. S. Shahriar, M. B. Shaner, Lijing Shao, P Sharma, P. Shawhan, Hong Shen, R. Shink, D. H. Shoemaker, Deirdre Shoemaker, S. ShyamSundar, K. Siellez, M. Sieniawska, D. Sigg, A D Silva, L. P. Singer, N. Singh, A Singhal, A. M. Sintes, S. Sitmukhambetov, Sukhdeep Singh, B. J. J. Slagmolen, T. J. Slaven-Blair, J. R. Smith, R. J. E. Smith, S. Somala, E. J. Son, B. Sorazu, F. Sorrentino, T Souradeep, E. Sowell, A. P. Spencer, A. K. Srivastava, V. Srivastava, K. Staats, C. Stachie, M. Standke, D. A. Steer, M. Steinke, J. Steinlechner, S. Steinlechner, D. Steinmeyer, S. P. Stevenson, D. Stocks, R Stone, D. J. Stops, K. A. Strain, G. Stratta, S. E. Strigin, A Strunk, R Sturani, A. L. Stuver, V. Sudhir, T. Z. Summerscales, L. Sun, J. Suresh, P. J. Sutton, B. L. Swinkels, M. J. Szczepańczyk, M. Tacca, S. C. Tait, C. Talbot, D. Talukder, D. B. Tanner, M. Tápai, A. Taracchini, Jay D. Tasson, Richard W. Taylor, Frank Thiès, M. Thomas, P Thomas, S. R. Thondapu, K. A. Thorne, E. Thrane, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Srishti Tiwari, V Tiwari, K. Toland, M. Tonelli, Z. Tornasi, A. Torres-Forné, C. I. Torrie, D Töyrä, F. Travasso, G. Traylor, M. C. Tringali, A. Trovato, L. Trozzo, R. Trudeau, K. W. Tsang, M. Tse, R. Tso, Leo Tsukada, D. Tsuna, D. Tuyenbayev, K. Ueno, D Ugolini, B. Krishnan, A. L. Urban, S A Usman, H Vahlbruch, G. Vajente, G. Valdes, J. V. van Heijningen, M. Vardaro, V. Varma, S Vass, M. Vasúth, A. Vecchio, G. Vedovato, J Veitch, K. Venkateswara, G. Venugopalan, D Verkindt, F. Vetrano, A. Viceré, J-Y Vinet, S. Vitale, T. Vo, H. Vocca, C Vorvick, M. Wade, R. Walet, M. Walker, L. Wallace, S. Walsh, G Wang, H Wang, Yupeng Wang, J Warner, M. Wąs, J. Watchi, B. Weaver, L-W Wei, M. Weinert, R Weiss, F. Wellmann, L. Wen, P Weßels, K. Wette, C Whittle, D. R. Williams, B. Willke, W. Winkler, H. Wittel, G. Woan, J Woehler, J. Worden, S. Xiao, H. Yamamoto, L. Yang, M. Yazback, S. H. R. Yuen, M. Yvert, T. Zelenova, J-P Zendri, M Zevin, J. Zhang, Liang Zhang, T. Zhang, C. Zhao, M Zhou, Z. Zhou
Bibliographic record
VenueUvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsUniversité de MontréalPolytechnique MontréalCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsUniversity of Toronto
FundersDivision of Human Resource DevelopmentDivision of PhysicsScience and Technology Facilities CouncilICTP South American Institute for Fundamental ResearchIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareAbdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsNemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs HivatalLeverhulme TrustScottish Funding CouncilRussian Science FoundationInstitut des Origines de LyonMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoMinistry of Education, IndiaNational Research Foundation of KoreaHungarian Scientific Research FundGeneralitat ValencianaCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIndustry CanadaNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaEuropean CommissionGovern de les Illes BalearsNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNational Research FoundationRussian Foundation for Basic ResearchEuropean Regional Development FundScottish Universities Physics AllianceConseil Régional, Île-de-FranceNational Research, Development and Innovation OfficeAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungScience and Engineering Research BoardNational Science Foundation
KeywordsLIGOPhysicsGravitational waveDetectorNeutron starEinstein TelescopeGravitational-wave astronomyAstronomyCorrectnessNoise (video)Gravitational-wave observatoryAstrophysicsAlgorithmComputer scienceOpticsArtificial intelligence
Abstract
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration have cataloged eleven confidently detected gravitational-wave events during the first two observing runs of the advanced detector era. All eleven events were consistent with being from well-modeled mergers between compact stellar-mass objects: black holes or neutron stars. The data around the time of each of these events have been made publicly available through the gravitational-wave open science center. The entirety of the gravitational-wave strain data from the first and second observing runs have also now been made publicly available. There is considerable interest among the broad scientific community in understanding the data and methods used in the analyses. In this paper, we provide an overview of the detector noise properties and the data analysis techniques used to detect gravitational-wave signals and infer the source properties. We describe some of the checks that are performed to validate the analyses and results from the observations of gravitational-wave events. We also address concerns that have been raised about various properties of LIGO–Virgo detector noise and the correctness of our analyses as applied to the resulting data.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.006
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.015
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: Methods
Teacher disagreement score0.036
Threshold uncertainty score0.119
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.282
Teacher spread0.262 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreMethods
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations81
Published2020
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes