Numerical simulations of expanding supershells in dwarf irregular galaxies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
\n Numerical hydrodynamical modelling of supernova-driven shell formation is \nperformed with a purpose to reproduce a giant HI ring (diameter 1.7 kpc) \nin the dwarf irregular galaxy Holmberg I (Ho I). We find that the contrast in HI \nsurface density between the central HI depression and the ring is sensitive \nto the shape of the gravitational potential. This circumstance can be used \nto constrain the total mass (including the dark matter halo) of nearly \nface-on dwarf irregulars. We consider two models of Ho I, which differ by\n an assumed mass of the dark matter halo Mh. \nThe contrast in HI surface density between the central HI depression and \nthe ring, as well as the lack of gas expansion in the central hole, \nare better reproduced by the model with a massive halo of \n$M_{\\rm h}=6.0\\times 10^9~M_{\\odot}$ than by that with a small halo of\n$M_{\\rm h}=4.0\\times 10^8~M_{\\odot}$, implying that Ho I is halo-dominated.\nAssuming the halo mass of $6.0\\times 10^9~M_{\\odot}$, we determine the mechanical energy \nrequired to form the observed ring equal to $(3.0 \\pm 0.5) \\times 10^{53}$ ergs, \nequivalent $300\\pm 50$ Type II supernovae. The inclination \nof Ho I is constrained to $15^\\circ{-}20^\\circ$ by comparing the modelled \nHI spectrum and channel maps with those observed. \n\n\n
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".