Editorial: The Response of Mucosal Epithelial Cells to Infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Response of Mucosal Epithelial Cells to InfectionsMucosal epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts are the initial site of interaction with pathogens.Although initially viewed primarily as functioning as physical barriers to infection, the past several decades have shown a far more complex set of interactions.Pathogens can interact directly with mucosal epithelia, either via specific receptors, or with any of several families of pattern recognition receptors (PRR).These interactions can trigger a wide range of cellular functions, including altering cellular metabolism, regulation of barrier function and the generation of innate immune responses designed to limit infections.The cellular consequences of infection can, however, also exacerbate disease states.The current special issue of the journal covers a number of specific aspects of the interactions of infectious agents with epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces.The papers include insightful review articles as well as a number of original investigations.Six out of the eight manuscripts included in this Research Topic examine the role of airway epithelial cells in the response to inhaled pathogens.Human rhinoviruses (HRV) infections are a major trigger of acute exacerbations of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis (Leigh and Proud, 2015).The review by Ganjian et al. provides an overview of rhinoviruses and how they are recognized by human airway epithelial cells (HAE).This includes recognition of HRV replication intermediates by PRR and the proinflammatory and antiviral responses triggered by such interactions.The review also considers various signaling pathways that regulate epithelial responses to HRV infections and discusses differences in responses between cells from normal subjects and those with lower airway diseases, including potential differences in antiviral responses between patient populations.Jamieson et al. focus on the role of epithelial IL-17C, a novel member of the IL-17 family of cytokines, in response to HRV infection.Using highly differentiated HAE they demonstrate that HRV infection triggers production of IL-17C exclusively in the basolateral direction.They further show that basolateral, but not apical, stimulation of HAE with IL-17C led to basolateral release of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1.This suggests that basolateral release of IL-17C during HRV infections can feedback to induce basolateral release of CXCL1 leading to neutrophil recruitment.Since neutrophils correlate with disease severity, IL-17C may be a contributor to increased inflammation and symptoms during infections.An important component of acute exacerbations of lower airway diseases is mucus hypersecretion.Wang et al. showed that infection of differentiated HAE with either of two different strains of HRV increased gene expression of the mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B and caused increased secretion of mucin proteins.They further show that HRV-induced mucin Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology | www.frontiersin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".