Material constitution of gem-quality ammonites – by-product of mining in the Saratov Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manufactured articles of ammonites have been in increasingly higher demand in the recent decades. Ammonites have appeal for the unique shapes, color and age. The top suppliers of ammonites to the world market are Madagascar, Morocco, Canada and Russia. In Russia, gem-quality ammonites occur in the Saratov Region, apart from other places. The regional open pit mine at the settlement Dubki situated 7.5 km northeastward of Saratov supplies ammonites both to the Russian and global markets. The submicroscopic and electron microprobe analyses presented details of mineral composition and structure of ammonite shells. The test shell fragments included walls and partitions with layers of pyrite. The pyrite layers lay symmetrically relative to the partitions and inside walls of ammonite, and feature pronounced structural zonality. The partitions and walls are adjoined with narrow zones of fine-crystal pyrite. Then, a zone of coarse-crystal pyrite lies, with fragments of colloform pyrite. The gem-quality ammonites have mostly pyrites in their composition (to 96 % by mass) and are connected with the Upper Jurassic deposits. Among other things, ammonites contain aragonite, calcite, apatite, jarosite, gypsum, ferrian carbonate and organic substance. The original aragonite is preserved in walls and partitions of shells. Morphologically, the large prismatic, fine-crystal, colloform and globular species of pyrite are distinguished. Pyrite is actively decomposed by bacteria. The Saratov Region ammonites possess high decorative and processing properties, can be widely used in manufacturing of jewelry and are by-produced in the course of large-scale mining.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".