The complete far-infrared and submillimeter spectrum of the Class 0 protostar Serpens SMM1 obtained with<i>Herschel</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the first complete ~55−671 μm spectral scan of a low-mass Class 0 protostar (Serpens SMM1) taken with the PACS and SPIRE spectrometers onboard Herschel. More than 145 lines have been detected, most of them rotationally excited lines of 12CO (full ladder from Ju = 4−3 to 42−41 and Eu/k = 4971 K), H2O (up to 818−707 and Eu/k = 1036 K), OH (up to 2Π1/2 J = 7/2−5/2 and Eu/k = 618 K), 13CO (up to Ju = 16−15), HCN and HCO+ (up to Ju = 12−11). Bright [O i]63, 145 μm and weaker [C ii]158 and [C i]370, 609 μm lines are also detected, but excited lines from chemically related species (NH3, CH+, CO+, OH+ or H2O+) are not. Mid-infrared spectra retrieved from the Spitzer archive are also first discussed here. The ~10−37 μm spectrum has many fewer lines, but shows clear detections of [Ne ii], [Fe ii], [Si ii] and [S i] fine structure lines, as well as weaker H2 S(1) and S(2) pure rotational lines. The observed line luminosity is dominated by CO (~54%), H2O (~22%), [O i] (~12%) and OH (~9%) emission. A multi-component radiative transfer model allowed us to approximately quantify the contribution of the three different temperature components suggested by the 12CO rotational ladder (Tkhot ≈ 800 K, Tkwarm ≈ 375 K and Tkcool ≈ 150 K). Gas densities n(H2) ≳ 5 × 106 cm-3 are needed to reproduce the observed far-IR lines arising from shocks in the inner protostellar envelope (warm and hot components) for which we derive upper limit abundances of x(CO) ≲ 10-4, x(H2O) ≲ 0.2 × 10-5 and x(OH) ≲ 10-6 withrespect to H2. The lower energy submm 12CO and H2O lines show more extended emission that we associate with the cool entrained outflow gas. Fast dissociative J-shocks (vs > 60 km s-1) within an embedded atomic jet, as well as lower velocity small-scale non-dissociative shocks (vs ≲ 20 km s-1) are needed to explain both the atomic fine structure lines and the hot CO and H2O lines respectively. Observations also show the signature of UV radiation (weak [C ii] and [C i] lines and high HCO+/HCN abundance ratios) and thus, most observed species likely arise in UV-irradiated shocks. Dissociative J-shocks produced by a jet impacting the ambient material are the most probable origin of [O i] and OH emission and of a significant fraction of the warm CO emission. In addition, H2O photodissociation in UV-irradiated non-dissociative shocks along the outflow cavity walls can also contribute to the [O i] and OH emission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".