Antimicrobial activity of<i>Plumbago indica</i>and ligand screening of plumbagin against methicillin-resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the antimicrobial properties of Plumbago indica root bark against bacterial strains and a fungal strain were investigatedusing the disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and column chromatography analyses were conducted to identify and isolate the active compounds. A docking study was performed to identify possible interactions between the active compound and DNA gyrase using the Schrödinger Glide docking program. Both methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of the root bark showed significant antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacteria than against the gram-negative bacteria and the fungal strain. The active compound was identified as plumbagin. A disc diffusion assay of plumbagin revealed potent antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular docking of plumbagin revealed high specificity towards the DNA gyrase binding site with a high fitness score and a minimum energy barrier of −7.651 kcal/mol. These findings indicate that P. indica exhibits significant antimicrobial activity, primarily due to the presence of plumbagin. The specificity of plumbagin toward DNA gyrase in S. aureus indicates the feasibility of utilizing P. indica for developing new drug leads against drug resistant microbial strain. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".