Piperlongumine‑loaded nanoparticles inhibit the growth, migration and invasion and epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition of triple‑negative breast cancer cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metastasis and disease relapse are the major causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC). Novel therapeutics that interfere with the process of metastasis, including epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), are thus urgently required. Piperlongumine (PL) is a component of the fruits of the long pepper plant (<em>Piper longum</em>), which are used as a spice and in traditional medicine. The present study compared the anti‑metastatic potential of free PL and PL‑loaded nanoparticles (PL‑NPs) in TNBC cells. PL was loaded into biodegradable methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‑poly‑(lactide‑­co‑glycolic) acid copolymer NPs by thin‑film hydration. The effects of free PL and PL‑NPs on TNBC cells were compared using colorimetric MTT assays for cell growth/viability, Transwell assays for migration/invasiveness, and western blot analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction for expression of EMT‑associated proteins and DNA methyltransferase‑1. PL‑NPs reduced MDA‑MB‑231, MDA‑MB‑468, and BT‑549 TNBC cell growth/viability to the same extent as free PL. Treatment of the MDA‑MB‑231 cells with both PL‑NPs and free PL inhibited migration/invasiveness, reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and EMT‑promoting Slug, ZEB1, N‑cadherin, β‑catenin and Smad3, promoted E‑cadherin and anti‑metastatic n‑Myc downstream regulated gene 1 expression, and inhibited the expression of oncogenic DNA methyltransferase‑1. On the whole, the present study demonstrated that PL‑NPs inhibited the metastasis‑promoting activities of TNBC cells to the same extent as free PL, highlighting the feasibility of employing NPs for the delivery of PL to prevent or reduce TNBC metastasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".