Expanding the Green Revolution to Small farmers in Ecuador (1970-1990s)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article highlights the convergence between a new generation of researchers at the Ecuadorian National Agrarian Research Institute (INIAP) and the emergence of a new international research agenda focusing more on small farmers during the second phase of the Green Revolution in the mid-1970s. It does so via analysis of two agrarian modernization programs for small farmers: the Research in Production Program and the Andean Crops Program, the first linked to the Mexican International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and the second to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). These programs further illustrate a new trend in INIAP research, in relation to the initial phase since 1964 which had focused on responding to the needs of landowners and international research centers interested in conducting plant-breeding tests.The article highlights the convergence between a new generation of researchers at the Ecuadorian National Agrarian Research Institute (INIAP) and the emergence of a new international research agenda focusing more on small farmers during the second phase of the Green Revolution in the mid-1970s. It does so via analysis of two agrarian modernization programs for small farmers: the Research in Production Program and the Andean Crops Program, the first linked to the Mexican International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and the second to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). These programs further illustrate a new trend in INIAP research, in relation to the initial phase since 1964 which had focused on responding to the needs of landowners and international research centers interested in conducting plant-breeding tests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".