Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a Benedictine monk in Norwich, an important religious centre with strong ties to the Continent, Easton would have known St Birgitta of Sweden (c.1303–1373) by reputation even before he was appointed to the papal Curia. On 21 September 1381, Urban VI elevated him to the cardinalate, demoting and imprisoning him five years later in 1385. Boniface XI, Urban’s successor, restored Easton’s cardinalate on 18 December 1389. In this position, he was able to advocate for the canonization of St Birgitta, who had come to Rome in 1349 and who was much revered as a prophet pursuing reform in the Church. His Defensorium Sanctae Birgittae, a carefully structured argument against an attack by an unknown Perugian, became important in defending women’s visionary writings, and thanks to his intervention and those of other clerics, St Birgitta was canonized in 1391. This chapter examines the nature of Easton’s arguments in defence of women visionaries and of St Birgitta, in particular.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".