The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: observations of hierarchical dense gas structures in Cepheus-L1251
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We use Green Bank Ammonia Survey observations of NH 3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) emission with 32″ FWHM resolution from a ∼10 pc 2 portion of the Cepheus-L1251 molecular cloud to identify hierarchical dense gas structures. Our dendrogram analysis of the NH 3 data results in 22 top-level structures, which reside within 13 lower-level parent structures. The structures are compact <?CDATA $(0.01\,\mathrm{pc}\lesssim {R}_{\mathrm{eff}}\lesssim 0.1\,\mathrm{pc})$?> and are spatially correlated with the highest H 2 column density portions of the cloud. We also compare the ammonia data to a catalog of dense cores identified by higher-resolution (18.″2 FWHM) Herschel Space Observatory observations of dust continuum emission from Cepheus-L1251. Maps of kinetic gas temperature, velocity dispersion, and NH 3 column density, derived from detailed modeling of the NH 3 data, are used to investigate the stability and chemistry of the ammonia-identified and Herschel -identified structures. We show that the dust and dense gas in the structures have similar temperatures, with median T dust and T K measurements of 11.7 ± 1.1 K and 10.3 ± 2.0 K, respectively. Based on a virial analysis, we find that the ammonia-identified structures are gravitationally dominated, yet may be in or near a state of virial equilibrium. Meanwhile, the majority of the Herschel -identified dense cores appear to be not bound by their own gravity and instead confined by external pressure. CCS (2 0 − 1 0 ) and HC 5 N <?CDATA $(9-8)$?> emission from the region reveal broader line widths and centroid velocity offsets when compared to the NH 3 (1, 1) emission in some cases, likely due to these carbon-based molecules tracing the turbulent outer layers of the dense cores.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it