Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate how the detectability of signatures of self-gravity in a protoplanetary disk depends on its temporal\nevolution. We run a one-dimensional model for secular timescales to follow the disk mass as a function of time.\nWe then combine this with three-dimensional global hydrodynamics simulations that employ a hybrid radiative\ntransfer method to approximate realistic heating and cooling. We simulate ALMA continuum observations of these\nsystems and find that structures induced by the gravitational instability (GI) are readily detectable when\nq = Mdisk/M* 0.25 and Router 100 au. The high accretion rate generated by gravito-turbulence in such a\nmassive disk drains its mass to below the detection threshold in ∼104 years, or approximately 1% of the typical\ndisk lifetime. Therefore, disks with spiral arms detected in ALMA dust observations, if generated by self-gravity,\nmust either be still receiving infall to maintain a high q value, or have just emerged from their natal envelope.\nDetection of substructure in systems with lower q is possible, but would require a specialist integration with the\nmost extended configuration over several days. This disfavors the possibility of GI-caused spiral structure in\nsystems with q < 0.25 being detected in relatively short integration times, such as those found in the DSHARP\nALMA survey. We find no temporal dependence of detectability on dynamical timescales.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.282 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it