Sex Affects Regional Variations in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue T Cells but not Macrophages in Adults with Obesity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The inflammatory environment in lower-body subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) has been largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine the effects of region (upper body vs. lower body) and sex on SAT immune cell profiles in young adults with obesity. METHODS: ) with obesity via needle aspiration. Flow cytometry was used to quantify macrophage (CD68+) and T-cell (CD3+) subpopulations in the stromovascular fraction of each SAT region. RESULTS: Females had a greater proportion of most T-cell types (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+, CD3+CD4+CD45RA-, and CD3+CD8+CD45RA+) in FEM compared with AB SAT, while males had similar proportions in both regions. Regardless of sex, the M1-like macrophage population (CD68+CD206-) was proportionally higher in AB SAT than in FEM SAT. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that T-cell populations vary by SAT region in females but not males. Both sexes, however, have proportionately more proinflammatory macrophages in upper-body than in lower-body SAT. It remains to be seen how these unique immune cell profiles in males and females with obesity contribute to adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic disease risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".