Martian Atmosphere CO Vertical Profiles: Results from the First Year of TGO/NOMAD Science Operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) started the science measurements on 21 April 2018. We present results on the retrievals vertical profiles for several species in the Martian atmosphere from the first year measurements of the TGO/NOMAD. In particular, we present our progress on retrieving CO vertical profiles.NOMAD InstrumentNOMAD, the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” spectrometer suite [1], is part of the payload of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter mission 2016. The instrument will conduct a spectroscopic survey of Mars’ atmosphere in the UV, visible and IR wavelengths covering the 0.2-0.65 and 2.3-4.3µm spectral ranges. NOMAD is composed of three channels: a solar occulation channel (SO) operating in the IR, a limb and nadir channel (LNO) also operating in the IR, and an ultraviolet/visible channel (UVIS) that can perform all observation modes. The spectral resolutions of SO and LNO is a significant improvement on previous infrared surveys of Mars (λ/dλ~15000). Both SO and LNO consist of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) in combination with an echelle grating. Several spectral ranges are measured simultaneously at a high spectral resolution, allowing for the study of different molecular species. The design of the three channels is fully described in [2] and [3].Vertical Profile RetrievalsThe vertical sampling rate of the SO channel is typically ~1km, which provided an unprecedented vertical resolution from the surface up to ~200km. ExoMars TGO has a ~2 hour orbital period, and the SO channel operates on ~50% of the potential occultations, which leads to great monitoring of the climatology. The calibration of SO is a collaborative exercise with retrievals, but inherits many of the techniques used for the SOIR/VEX instrument described in [4]. The retrievals are performed using the software ASIMUT developed at BIRA-IASB [5], which can use Optimal Estimation Method [6] among other algorithms to retrieved atmospheric profiles.Discussion and ResultsCarbon Monoxide is a non-condensable species playing a major role in the photochemical cycle of CO2. Local and seasonal variations are expected and will give valuable constraints for the dynamical processes in the Martian atmosphere. The 2-0 band of CO centered at 2.4µm is positioned in the SO orders 186-192 (4200-4350cm-1). It is easily measurable in transmittances up to ~110km. In the figure above, we show that we have good observational coverage. In this presentation, we will talk about how we retrieve abundances from spectral absorption features, and try to isolate climatological effects from observational geometry.References[1] E. Neefs et al. (2015) Applied Optics, Vol. 54.[2] I. R. Thomas et al. (2016) Optics Express, Vol. 24.[3] A. C. Vandaele et al. (2015) Optics Express, Vol. 23.[4] L. Trompet (2016) Applied Optics, Vol. 55.[5] A. C. Vandaele (2006) Conf. Proc. of the first ‘Atmosphere Science Conference’.[6] C. D. Rodgers (2000) World Scientific.[7] A. C. Vandaele (2019) Nature 568.Acknowledgements:The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIU) and by European funds under grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER), as well as by UK Space Agency through grants ST/R005761/1, ST/P001262/1, ST/R001405/1 and ST/R001405/1 and Italian Space Agency through grant 2018-2-HH.0. This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS under grant number 30442502 (ET_HOME). The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Canadian investigators were supported by the Canadian Space Agency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".