Martian Atmosphere CO Vertical Profiles: Results from the First Year of TGO/NOMAD Science Operations
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) started the science measurements on 21 April 2018. We present results on the retrievals vertical profiles for several species in the Martian atmosphere from the first year measurements of the TGO/NOMAD. In particular, we present our progress on retrieving CO vertical profiles.NOMAD InstrumentNOMAD, the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” spectrometer suite [1], is part of the payload of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter mission 2016. The instrument will conduct a spectroscopic survey of Mars’ atmosphere in the UV, visible and IR wavelengths covering the 0.2-0.65 and 2.3-4.3µm spectral ranges. NOMAD is composed of three channels: a solar occulation channel (SO) operating in the IR, a limb and nadir channel (LNO) also operating in the IR, and an ultraviolet/visible channel (UVIS) that can perform all observation modes. The spectral resolutions of SO and LNO is a significant improvement on previous infrared surveys of Mars (λ/dλ~15000). Both SO and LNO consist of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) in combination with an echelle grating. Several spectral ranges are measured simultaneously at a high spectral resolution, allowing for the study of different molecular species. The design of the three channels is fully described in [2] and [3].Vertical Profile RetrievalsThe vertical sampling rate of the SO channel is typically ~1km, which provided an unprecedented vertical resolution from the surface up to ~200km. ExoMars TGO has a ~2 hour orbital period, and the SO channel operates on ~50% of the potential occultations, which leads to great monitoring of the climatology. The calibration of SO is a collaborative exercise with retrievals, but inherits many of the techniques used for the SOIR/VEX instrument described in [4]. The retrievals are performed using the software ASIMUT developed at BIRA-IASB [5], which can use Optimal Estimation Method [6] among other algorithms to retrieved atmospheric profiles.Discussion and ResultsCarbon Monoxide is a non-condensable species playing a major role in the photochemical cycle of CO2. Local and seasonal variations are expected and will give valuable constraints for the dynamical processes in the Martian atmosphere. The 2-0 band of CO centered at 2.4µm is positioned in the SO orders 186-192 (4200-4350cm-1). It is easily measurable in transmittances up to ~110km. In the figure above, we show that we have good observational coverage. In this presentation, we will talk about how we retrieve abundances from spectral absorption features, and try to isolate climatological effects from observational geometry.References[1] E. Neefs et al. (2015) Applied Optics, Vol. 54.[2] I. R. Thomas et al. (2016) Optics Express, Vol. 24.[3] A. C. Vandaele et al. (2015) Optics Express, Vol. 23.[4] L. Trompet (2016) Applied Optics, Vol. 55.[5] A. C. Vandaele (2006) Conf. Proc. of the first ‘Atmosphere Science Conference’.[6] C. D. Rodgers (2000) World Scientific.[7] A. C. Vandaele (2019) Nature 568.Acknowledgements:The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIU) and by European funds under grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER), as well as by UK Space Agency through grants ST/R005761/1, ST/P001262/1, ST/R001405/1 and ST/R001405/1 and Italian Space Agency through grant 2018-2-HH.0. This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS under grant number 30442502 (ET_HOME). The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Canadian investigators were supported by the Canadian Space Agency.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».