Geochemical tracers in submarine groundwater discharge research: practice and challenges from a view of climate changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), the flux of porewater from permeable seabed or karst conduits to surface water bodies, delivers a significant quantity of land-borne solutes to coastal oceans. This input of land-derived solutes is frequently linked with eutrophication, harmful algae blooms, and benthic hypoxia, and hence has the potential to trigger great economic losses. Geophysical and geochemical tracers, including salinity, temperature, water stable isotopes, and radioactive elements, have been widely applied in SGD studies for more than 50 years to, amongst others, identify water sources, estimate residence times, and quantify discharge rates. Here we review advantages and shortcomings of these tracers in the study of SGD. Application requirements are outlined based on previous research and combined tracer approaches in karst environments, permeable coasts, and estuaries are illustrated under the view of climate changes. Current challenges with the use of geochemical tracers in SGD studies are highlighted and opportunities to develop these tracers for improved coastal management showcased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".