Ion-species in pore fluids with opposite effects on limestone fracturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At ten percent of sedimentary rocks, limestones are common geo-energy reservoirs. Being highly soluble, limestones are prone to fluid-assisted deformation and their mechanical behaviour likely susceptible to fluid chemistry. In this study, we saturated limestone samples with 0.4 M MgSO4 or 0.4 M Na2SO4 CaCO3-saturated solutions (naturally present in many reservoirs) or a reference CaCO3-saturated solution for 1, 50 or 200 days prior to mechanical testing. Triaxial deformation tests were then performed at 7, 30, and 70 MPa of confining pressure room temperature, under drained conditions. Our results show that exposure to one different cation impacts the strength of this rock (up to 12 of dry rock strength) and its failure dynamics, associated with different microstructural damage distribution. A 200 day exposure to MgSO4 promotes strengthening whilst similar exposure to Na2SO4 leads to weakening. We posit that these strength changes may be related to changes in surface charges on the mineral surfaces. More data on fluid–rock interaction will be key to fully understand fracture propagation in natural carbonate formations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".