Long-term zinc contamination and transport at the abandoned Ore Chimney mine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mine waste-rock piles can release low quality drainage that is harmful to the surrounding environment. Many studies have investigated recently placed waste rock, but fewer have examined geochemical processes within, and downgradient of, old waste rock, even though these processes may be expected to persist for many decades. The Ore Chimney property, in Ontario, Canada, was the site of gold exploration activities that produced a small waste-rock pile; it was abandoned in 1934. Elevated concentrations of Zn are restricted to within 50 m of the waste rock, and pH remains neutral across the site. Water and sediment analyses and geochemical modeling indicate that several processes are involved in pH buffering and contaminant control. Water samples taken at the edge of the waste rock were not acidic, indicating that mechanisms within the waste rock, including carbonate buffering and preferential oxidation of sphalerite over pyrite, are preventing acid mine drainage (AMD). Natural attenuation mechanisms are operating within wetlands at Ore Chimney with the most likely controls for Zn transport in ground and surface water being carbonate mineral precipitation, co-precipitation with Fe and Mn oxides and oxyhydroxide minerals and Al sulphate minerals, and adsorption onto calcite and organic matter. This investigation shows that, after long time frames, natural attenuation mechanisms may act to effectively immobilize metal contaminants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".