Evidence-based selection of the second and third arterial conduit

Central MessageWhen appropriate, particularly in patients with long life-expectancy, we recommend the use of the RITA and/or RA as additional arterial grafts to improve long-term survival.See Commentary on page 72.Feature Editor Note—Few topics in cardiac surgery have been investigated more extensively that the use of multiple arterial grafts for coronary bypass surgery. After more than 4 decades of research, we have solid evidence than the patency rate of the radial artery is better than the patency rate of the saphenous vein at mid- and long-term follow-up. The evidence for the other arterial conduits is less robust. The clinical consequences of the improved patency are still unclear, due to the high level of treatment allocation bias in observational studies and the inconclusive results of the limited randomized evidence.Few groups have contributed to the debate on multiple arterial grafting more than the Sunnybrook team under the lead of Dr Fremes. This superb review of the current state of the art on the topic is another important contribution that the JTCV Open readers, like myself, will greatly enjoy.Mario Gaudino, MD, MSCE When appropriate, particularly in patients with long life-expectancy, we recommend the use of the RITA and/or RA as additional arterial grafts to improve long-term survival. See Commentary on page 72. The success of the left internal thoracic artery for grafting the left anterior descending (LAD) has encouraged the use of additional arterial grafts for some or all non-LAD targets instead of saphenous venous grafts (SVGs) in patients undergoing multivessel coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The use of additional arterial conduits is also often necessary for patients with poor venous conduit options. The most commonly used second and third arterial conduits are the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) and the radial artery (RA). Taggart and colleagues1Taggart D.P. D'Amico R. Altman D.G. Effect of arterial revascularisation on survival: a systematic review of studies comparing bilateral and single internal mammary arteries.Lancet. 2001; 358: 870-875Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (581) Google Scholar originally reported in the Lancet that the use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITAs) was associated with a late survival advantage compared with single internal thoracic artery (SITA) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-0.94) in a meta-analysis of 7 observational studies of 15,962 patients.1Taggart D.P. D'Amico R. Altman D.G. Effect of arterial revascularisation on survival: a systematic review of studies comparing bilateral and single internal mammary arteries.Lancet. 2001; 358: 870-875Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (581) Google Scholar In an updated meta-analysis of 38 observational studies (174,205 patients), BITA was similarly associated with reduced mortality late after surgery (incident rate ratio [IRR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69-0.80).2Gaudino M. Di Franco A. Rahouma M. Tam D.Y. Iannaccone M. Deb S. et al.Unmeasured confounders in observational studies comparing bilateral versus single internal thoracic artery for coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7: e008010Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar While most observational studies have suggested the benefit of either RITA or RA as additional arterial grafts during CABG, the retrospective nature of the data cannot account for the surgeon's ultimate decision to use one conduit versus another, which can be influenced by a variety of patient demographic, physical, angiographic, and prognostic factors.2Gaudino M. Di Franco A. Rahouma M. Tam D.Y. Iannaccone M. Deb S. et al.Unmeasured confounders in observational studies comparing bilateral versus single internal thoracic artery for coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7: e008010Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar Despite the reported benefit of BITA in observational studies, the Arterial Revascularization Trial (ART) found no difference between BITA versus SITA in their intention-to-treat analysis at 10-years. However, the high cross-over rate (∼14%) and frequent use of RA grafts (∼20%) in both groups might have biased the results.3Taggart D.P. Benedetto U. Gerry S. Altman D.G. Gray A.M. Lees B. et al.Bilateral versus single internal-thoracic-artery grafts at 10 years.N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 437-446Crossref PubMed Scopus (168) Google Scholar The 2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Guidelines on myocardial revascularization and the 2016 Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Arterial Conduits for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting issued a strong recommendation for multiple arterial grafting in appropriate patients with long life expectancy, typically younger than 70 years (Class IIa).4Neumann F.J. Sousa-Uva M. Ahlsson A. Alfonso F. Banning A.P. Benedetto U. et al.2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization.Eur Heart J. 2019; 40: 87-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (2061) Google Scholar,5Aldea G.S. Bakaeen F.G. Pal J. Fremes S. Head S.J. Sabik J. et al.The Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical practice guidelines on arterial conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg. 2016; 101: 801-809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar The choice of arterial grafts (RITA or RA) as a second and/or third arterial conduit is a matter of debate, although both guidelines cited the aforementioned BITA as a Class IIa indication in patients who do not have a high risk of sternal wound infection, whereas the RA receives a Class I indication over the SVG in patients with high-grade coronary artery stenosis in the 2018 ESC guidelines. The RITA, being biologically similar to the LITA, has the potential to improve patient outcomes when multiple grafts are required. Benedetto and colleagues6Benedetto U. Raja S.G. Albanese A. Amrani M. Biondi-Zoccai G. Frati G. Searching for the second best graft for coronary artery bypass surgery: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsdagger.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015; 47 (discussion 65): 59-65Crossref PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar observed an increased incidence of SVG occlusion compared with arterial grafts (HR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.67-16.00), when pooling data from 9 RCTs with a total of 2780 patients who underwent CABG and had long-term angiographic outcomes. Four RCTs have compared the outcomes of BITA versus SITA.3Taggart D.P. Benedetto U. Gerry S. Altman D.G. Gray A.M. Lees B. et al.Bilateral versus single internal-thoracic-artery grafts at 10 years.N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 437-446Crossref PubMed Scopus (168) Google Scholar,7Myers W.O. Berg R. Ray J.F. Douglas-Jones J.W. Maki H.S. Ulmer R.H. et al.All-artery multigraft coronary artery bypass grafting with only internal thoracic arteries possible and safe: a randomized trial.Surgery. 2000; 128: 650-659Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 8Gaudino M. Cellini C. Pragliola C. Trani C. Burzotta F. Schiavoni G. et al.Arterial versus venous bypass grafts in patients with in-stent restenosis.Circulation. 2005; 112: I265-I269Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 9Nasso G. Coppola R. Bonifazi R. Piancone F. Bozzetti G. Speziale G. Arterial revascularization in primary coronary artery bypass grafting: direct comparison of 4 strategies—results of the Stand-in-Y Mammary study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 137: 1093-1100Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar Myers and colleagues7Myers W.O. Berg R. Ray J.F. Douglas-Jones J.W. Maki H.S. Ulmer R.H. et al.All-artery multigraft coronary artery bypass grafting with only internal thoracic arteries possible and safe: a randomized trial.Surgery. 2000; 128: 650-659Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar randomized 162 patients between strategies and found no clinical difference at 5 years in an underpowered trial. Nasso and colleagues9Nasso G. Coppola R. Bonifazi R. Piancone F. Bozzetti G. Speziale G. Arterial revascularization in primary coronary artery bypass grafting: direct comparison of 4 strategies—results of the Stand-in-Y Mammary study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 137: 1093-1100Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar compared BITA with SITA using the 2 different configurations: in situ LITA–LAD with composite RITA to the secondary lateral wall target or in situ RITA–LAD + in situ LITA to the secondary lateral wall target.9Nasso G. Coppola R. Bonifazi R. Piancone F. Bozzetti G. Speziale G. Arterial revascularization in primary coronary artery bypass grafting: direct comparison of 4 strategies—results of the Stand-in-Y Mammary study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 137: 1093-1100Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar The authors observed significantly better event-free survival (P < .01) using BITA but no difference in overall survival (P = .59) at 2 years (also probably underpowered to assess this outcome). Gaudino and colleagues8Gaudino M. Cellini C. Pragliola C. Trani C. Burzotta F. Schiavoni G. et al.Arterial versus venous bypass grafts in patients with in-stent restenosis.Circulation. 2005; 112: I265-I269Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar demonstrated that SVG was an independent predictor of graft failure at a mean follow-up of 52 ± 11 months (P = .03) in a patency trial of 120 patients with previous stenting. Finally, the ART trial found no differences between the 2 groups, but several limitations were observed in this study (mentioned previously). The as-treated analysis did show an important benefit with multiple arterial grafting in terms of mortality and event-free survival (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.95, and HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69-0.93, respectively). Despite the long-term survival benefit with the use of BITA, this technique has been associated with greater risk of sternal wound infection, particularly in patients with diabetes. By using skeletonized internal thoracic artery harvesting in either the general population and in patients with diabetes, the risk of deep sternal wound sternal infection is similar, whereas the risk of superficial sternal wound infection is slightly increased, not affecting perioperative mortality.10De Paulis R. de Notaris S. Scaffa R. Nardella S. Zeitani J. Del Giudice C. et al.The effect of bilateral internal thoracic artery harvesting on superficial and deep sternal infection: the role of skeletonization.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 129: 536-543Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar The benefits of BITA have also been associated with the surgeon's expertise in performing multiple arterial grafting. Gaudino and colleagues11Gaudino M. Bakaeen F. Benedetto U. Rahouma M. Di Franco A. Tam D.Y. et al.Use rate and outcome in bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7 (e009361)Crossref Scopus (33) Google Scholar described an inverse correlation of the BITA:SITA ratio with the rate of sternal wound infection and long-term mortality in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Likewise, Schwann and colleagues12Schwann T.A. Habib R.H. Wallace A. Shahian D.M. O'Brien S. Jacobs J.P. et al.Operative outcomes of multiple-arterial versus single-arterial coronary bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 1109-1119Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar observed an increased operative mortality with the use of BITA (risk-adjusted odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18-1.61) among US hospitals that used <5% of BITA in their CABGs, using the STS national database.12Schwann T.A. Habib R.H. Wallace A. Shahian D.M. O'Brien S. Jacobs J.P. et al.Operative outcomes of multiple-arterial versus single-arterial coronary bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 1109-1119Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar Carpentier initially described the use of RA in 1971; however, due to a high rate of early vessel occlusions, the graft was abandoned for several years. In the 1990s, the RA regained interest as a potential conduit.13Acar C. Jebara V.A. Portoghese M. Beyssen B. Pagny J.Y. Grare P. et al.Revival of the radial artery for coronary artery bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 54 (discussion 659-60): 652-659Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (620) Google Scholar In a patient-level meta-analysis of 6 graft patency RCTs comparing RA versus SVG, vessel occlusion was 61 of 307 (19.9%) versus 28 of 345 (8.1%) for the SVG and RA groups, respectively (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.28-0.70).14Gaudino M. Benedetto U. Fremes S. Biondi-Zoccai G. Sedrakyan A. Puskas J.D. et al.Radial-artery or saphenous-vein grafts in coronary-artery bypass surgery.N Engl J Med. 2018; 378: 2069-2077Crossref PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar In addition, the incidence of cardiac events (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49-0.90), myocardial infarction (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99), and repeat revascularization (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.40-0.63) were significantly lower at 5 years in those receiving RA. The decrease in the composite outcome was largely driven by a reduction in repeat revascularization, which may have been influenced by protocol-mandated graft angiography. Following extended clinical follow-up to more than 10 years, and without further protocol mandated graft angiography, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of the composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88) and of the composite of death or myocardial infarction (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.94).15Gaudino M. Benedetto U. Fremes S. Ballman K. Biondi-Zoccai G. Sedrakyan A. et al.Association of radial artery graft vs saphenous vein graft with long-term cardiovascular outcomes among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA. 2020; 324: 179-187Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar Nonetheless, the RA should be evaluated preoperatively by assessing the presence of collateral circulation via ulnar artery with the modified Allen test and noninvasive vascular imaging, such as duplex ultrasonography, which may assess the RA's size and determine the presence of plaques, stenoses, or calcifications.16Gaudino M. Fremes S. Schwann T.A. Tatoulis J. Wingo M. Tranbaugh R.F. Technical aspects of the use of the radial artery in coronary artery bypass surgery.Ann Thorac Surg. 2019; 108: 613-622Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar In addition, the RA should be avoided in patients who have undergone radial access angiography before CABG, as this may lead to intimal hyperplasia and medial dissections.16Gaudino M. Fremes S. Schwann T.A. Tatoulis J. Wingo M. Tranbaugh R.F. Technical aspects of the use of the radial artery in coronary artery bypass surgery.Ann Thorac Surg. 2019; 108: 613-622Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar RA's patency rate is also strongly influenced by the degree of stenosis in the target vessel.17Desai N.D. Cohen E.A. Naylor C.D. Fremes S.E. Radial Artery Patency Study InvestigatorsA randomized comparison of radial-artery and saphenous-vein coronary bypass grafts.N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2302-2309Crossref PubMed Scopus (406) Google Scholar As a result, the 2018 ESC guidelines recommend the RA over SVG only in patients with high-grade coronary artery stenosis. Finally, due to its large medial cross-sectional area, the RA is susceptible to vessel spasm in the early postoperative period. Calcium channel blockers have been used during the perioperative period and up to 6 months postoperatively to minimize RA vasospasm, although results from randomized data are limited. Gaudino and colleagues18Gaudino M. Glieca F. Luciani N. Alessandrini F. Possati G. Clinical and angiographic effects of chronic calcium channel blocker therapy continued beyond first postoperative year in patients with radial artery grafts: results of a prospective randomized investigation.Circulation. 2001; 104: I64-I67Crossref PubMed Google Scholar reported no clinical benefit for patients using oral diltiazem 120 mg/daily started in the early postoperative period up to 1 year. The effect of calcium channel blockers has been associated with improved graft patency (HR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.49) and clinical outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events; HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.31-0.89) up to 108 months after the index procedure in the individual-level meta-analysis of 6 RCTs, although this is an observational result within a RCT meta-analysis.19Gaudino M. Benedetto U. Fremes S.E. Hare D.L. Hayward P. Moat N. et of blocker therapy on radial artery grafts after coronary bypass Am 2019; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar The 2016 STS Clinical Practice Guidelines on Arterial Conduits for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting recommend the use of such as calcium channel blockers with or without to and perioperative spasm (Class without recommendation postoperative G.S. Bakaeen F.G. Pal J. Fremes S. Head S.J. Sabik J. et al.The Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical practice guidelines on arterial conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg. 2016; 101: 801-809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar The choice of a second arterial graft is on patient which may the risk of sternal wound infection and ulnar collateral circulation Nonetheless, the of the current evidence the RA over the RITA when both grafts are appropriate, particularly after the of individual-level meta-analysis of RCTs comparing RA versus M. Benedetto U. Fremes S. Biondi-Zoccai G. Sedrakyan A. Puskas J.D. et al.Radial-artery or saphenous-vein grafts in coronary-artery bypass surgery.N Engl J Med. 2018; 378: 2069-2077Crossref PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar However, studies have compared the RA with the RITA as a second and the of which arterial graft is The Radial Artery and Clinical trial was an RCT that patients who were to a RITA, or SVG graft to the second most important target the LITA to results of the radial artery patency and clinical outcomes randomized Cardiothorac Surg. Google Scholar In a network meta-analysis of observational studies, Gaudino and M. R. Rahouma M. A. Tam D.Y. C. et artery versus right internal thoracic artery versus saphenous vein as the second conduit for coronary artery bypass surgery: a network meta-analysis of clinical Am Heart Assoc. 2019; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar investigated the effects of different second arterial grafts on late survival in patients SVG, and RITA, late mortality with the use of the arterial graft or compared with the When both arterial grafts were similar late at 7 years 95% CI, However, the RITA was associated with significantly greater risk of deep sternal wound infection 95% CI, and operative mortality 95% CI, the evidence from RCTs in of arterial grafting is for the RA than the As the patient-level meta-analysis of 6 graft patency RCTs comparing RA versus SVG demonstrated RA's M. Benedetto U. Fremes S. Ballman K. Biondi-Zoccai G. Sedrakyan A. et al.Association of radial artery graft vs saphenous vein graft with long-term cardiovascular outcomes among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA. 2020; 324: 179-187Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar In addition, the results of the trial have been better patency (HR, 95% CI, and survival (HR, 95% CI, for the RA compared with the Hayward J. A. et results of the 2020; PubMed Scopus Google D.Y. Fremes S.E. to use the radial further insights from the 2020; Scopus Google Scholar The role of additional arterial grafts is in patients than 70 years of In the graft failure was reduced in the RA compared with the study SVG in patients than 70 years of (HR, 95% CI, whereas clinical events were reduced but not significantly in the patients receiving an Hayward J. A. et results of the 2020; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar In we use the RA in patients than 70 years of but are more the use of the The is an arterial graft used for and arteries of the While some studies a greater risk of graft occlusion and early graft failure with the et study of radial artery and right artery in composite arterial graft for J Cardiothorac Surg. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar other studies show long-term survival of and at 10 years, and overall survival when compared with SVG grafts (HR, < J. S. de R. et benefit of multiple arterial grafting in a the of the third arterial J Cardiothorac Surg. (discussion PubMed Scopus Google Scholar of the improved results using the are the artery is using the skeletonized The right artery graft for coronary artery bypass grafting: a J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar to spasm and the of the the STS Guidelines recommend the when there are poor conduit or to arterial G.S. Bakaeen F.G. Pal J. Fremes S. Head S.J. Sabik J. et al.The Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical practice guidelines on arterial conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg. 2016; 101: 801-809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar the SVG, most of the have been with saphenous However, the saphenous has been associated with improved patency compared with and also compared with the RA in clinical M. J.D. M. The saphenous vein is an conduit to the radial artery years after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; of Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google S. de R. et no saphenous harvesting to improve patency coronary bypass grafting randomized Cardiothorac Surg. 2019; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar The use of more than 2 arterial grafts has not been as extensively investigated compared with the use of 2 arterial with no randomized data Tam D.Y. R. R. J. et arterial grafting is associated with better outcomes for coronary artery bypass grafting 2018; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar RCTs have compared total arterial revascularization versus CABG with at one SVG C. G. A. J. M. S. et arterial myocardial revascularization with composite grafts results of coronary surgery in a prospective randomized comparison with coronary artery bypass 108: Google J. A. R. et randomized controlled trial comparing CABG surgery with total arterial grafts or Cardiothorac Surg. 2015; PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar Nonetheless, the population in studies patients with 2 or arterial which not a of the potential benefit of arterial grafts over 2 during and B. S. A. Tam D.Y. P. Puskas J.D. et of total arterial revascularization on long survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis of J Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar reported a survival benefit of over single or arterial grafts 95% CI, in a meta-analysis of meta-analysis of retrospective studies reported a survival benefit of arterial grafts compared with 2 (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, M. Puskas J.D. Di Franco A. Iannaccone M. U. et arterial grafts improve late survival: a meta-analysis of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar with arteries BITA + with only a using BITA + However, the observational nature of the data Finally, and A. J. A. et al.The effect on survival from the use of a saphenous vein graft during coronary bypass surgery: a large J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar reported mortality for patients receiving more than one SVG (HR, 95% CI, or one SVG (HR, 95% CI, we that arterial grafts during CABG should be in younger patients with When appropriate, particularly in patients with long 10 years after we recommend the use of additional arterial the RA over the RITA, to improve long-term survival and minimize the risk of adverse than arterial grafts should be in younger patients with

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