Bismuth atom tailoring of indium oxide surface frustrated Lewis pairs boosts heterogeneous CO2 photocatalytic hydrogenation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs) on defect-laden metal oxides provide catalytic sites to activate H 2 and CO 2 molecules and enable efficient gas-phase CO 2 photocatalysis. Lattice engineering of metal oxides provides a useful strategy to tailor the reactivity of SFLPs. Herein, a one-step solvothermal synthesis is developed that enables isomorphic replacement of Lewis acidic site In 3+ ions in In 2 O 3 by single-site Bi 3+ ions, thereby enhancing the propensity to activate CO 2 molecules. The so-formed Bi x In 2-x O 3 materials prove to be three orders of magnitude more photoactive for the reverse water gas shift reaction than In 2 O 3 itself, while also exhibiting notable photoactivity towards methanol production. The increased solar absorption efficiency and efficient charge-separation and transfer of Bi x In 2-x O 3 also contribute to the improved photocatalytic performance. These traits exemplify the opportunities that exist for atom-scale engineering in heterogeneous CO 2 photocatalysis, another step towards the vision of the solar CO 2 refinery.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it