A new measurement of the deepest depth of the ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scientists and explorers have been searching to determine the exact location and depth of the deepest part of the ocean since the HMS Challenger made the first sounding of the Mariana Trench in 1875. The consensus is that the deepest abyss in the ocean is in the Challenger Deep, a portion of the Mariana Trench with depths greater than 10 000 m. Since the HMS Challenger II returned to the Mariana Trench in 1952, 14 estimates of the deepest depth of the ocean have been made. Estimates of the location and maximum depth are as diverse as the methods used including wire soundings, explosives, single and multibeam sonars, and remotely operated and manned submersibles. During an Office of Naval Research supported expedition to the Challenger Deep in 2014, two free falling passive acoustic instruments were deployed. The implosion of one instrument was recorded by the other when both were at depths greater than 8000 m. Multiple reflections from the seafloor and sea surface of the sound generated by the implosion were used to determine the depth of the Challenger Deep. The result was the most constrained estimate of the deepest part of the ocean, 10 991 ± 6 m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".