The epidemiology and direct medical costs of diseases associated with human papillomavirus infection among men in Manitoba, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background There is little information on the economic burden of human papillomavirus-related diseases (HPV-RDs) among men. We used province-wide clinical, administrative and accounting databases to measure the direct medical costs of HPV infections in men in Manitoba (Canada). Methods We included all males aged 9 years and older with health insurance coverage in Manitoba between January 1997 and December 2016. We identified HPV-RD patient cohorts and matched each patient to HPV-RD-free men. We estimated the net direct medical cost (excess cost of hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and prescription drugs) of patients compared to their matches for anogenital warts (AGWs) and HPV-caused cancers. We adjusted costs to 2017 Canadian dollars. For each condition, we attributed costs to HPV based on the etiological fraction caused by HPV infection. Results We found that the median net direct medical cost was about $250 for AGW patients and $16,000 for invasive cancer patients. The total cost was about $49 million or $2.6 million per year. Overall, 54%-67% ($26-$33 million) was attributable to HPV infection according different estimates of the attributable fraction. The net annual attributable cost was $2.37-$2.95 per male resident and $161-$200 per male newborn. The estimated potential savings was 30% for the bivalent vaccine and 56%-60% for the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines. Conclusions Overall, HPV’s economic burden on males remains significant, the average cost of treating all conditions attributable to HPV was about $180 per male newborn. Invasive cancer accounted for the majority of these costs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".