Bibliographic record
Abstract
Depending on your perspective, EU social policy is either regarded as the soft bit of EU law, an essential component of citizenship, or a key element to ensure a level playing field in the EU’s single market. As we shall see, while there is an identifiable body of law which can loosely be described as ‘labour’ or ‘social’ policy, the coverage of social policy is far from comprehensive, and certainly does not represent a replication of national social policy on the EU stage. Many would argue that this is right, that social policy, of all areas, needs to be delivered close to those affected by it and so should not be a matter for the European Union at all. This raises the question, then, as to the role of, and justification for, EU-level ‘social’ policy, a question that has bedevilled the EU since its inception. This chapter presents four stories about EU social policy. The first, and easiest to relate, is the historical evolution of social policy where the different stages are signposted by the various Treaty amendments. It is a story of phases of great activity matched by lengthy periods of inertia (Part B). The second story concerns the contribution of the Court of Justice to the development of a distinctive EU social policy. While traditionally the Court has generally been seen as a supporter of the development of social rights, its true understanding of social issues has been brought into question by the controversial decisions in Viking and Laval, although subsequent events have forced something of a reassessment (Part C). The third story—for a lawyer at least—is much harder to relate because it is a story about a reorientation of approach to regulating the labour market in the EU. It is a story that cannot be told through hard law measures on employment law, but through a myriad of documents on employment policy (Part D). The fourth story is a story of challenges: about new forms of work, about the EU’s response to three crises (financial, covid and Brexit) and about a timid renaissance of social policy in the form of the Pillar of Social Rights (Part E).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".