Bibliographic record
Abstract
Today I feel that a new age has begun. [N]ew ages have come … by opening the door to eradicating differences…. Human beings cannot be alone. The truth of their condition is to grow by connecting with others; fulfilment comes by merging with everyone. That is the dharma of humanity. This essay examines Rabindranāth's views on women, gender, patriarchy, and the family, situating them in the ideas and practices of social reform in nineteenth-century Bengal. Rabindranath aimed to create new values and practices among colonized peoples and thus usher in a new age. The condition of women in brahminical families in Bengal forms an important part of this decolonizing agenda and the social critique underlying it. Social reform, a modernist project in nineteenth-century Bengal, was vigorously contested by revivalist and traditionalist Hindu orthodoxy. The reformers were concerned with both religious and everyday life, but they focused most intently on family mores centred on brahminical patriarchy and ordering of gender. This contestation, resulting from the encounter between British capitalist colonialism and pre-capitalist Bengali society, gave rise to new social formations, creating new professional and trading classes (the bhadralok ) and new forms of consciousness. The results were varied, embracing all aspects of life. Colonial capitalism engendered a new state apparatus. This created a third space, that of civil society, comprising both the urban middle classes and a new land-owning rural gentry created by the Permanent Settlement (1793). This social space lay outside the immediate purview of the state and the economy, but was created through the interaction of the two. The central institution of civil society was the family, structured by brahminical patriarchy with its distinctive casteist character and gender values. Both reform and revivalism operated within this civil society, giving rise to serious controversies; yet the two trends could not be kept entirely apart. Reformers like Rabindranath, advocating a foundational social change, had to negotiate these complexities. Thus his critique of gender, patriarchy, family norms, and the condition of women could not follow a linear path.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".